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ウィリアム H．マクニ−ル

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Plagues and Peoples ペーパーバック – 1998/2/1

英語版 William McNeill (著)

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The history of disease is the history of humankind: an interpretation of the world as seen through the extraordinary impact—political, demographic, ecological, and psychological—of disease on cultures.

"A book of the first importance, a truly revolutionary work." —The New Yorker

From the conquest of Mexico by smallpox as much as by the Spanish, to the bubonic plague in China, to the typhoid epidemic in Europe, Plagues and Peoples is "a brilliantly conceptualized and challenging achievement" (Kirkus Reviews). Upon its original publication, Plagues and Peoples was an immediate critical and popular success, offering a radically new interpretation of world history. With the identification of AIDS in the early 1980s, another chapter was added to this chronicle of events, which William McNeill explores in his introduction to this edition.

Thought-provoking, well-researched, and compulsively readable, Plagues and Peoples is essential reading—that rare book that is as fascinating as it is scholarly, as intriguing as it is enlightening.

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本の長さ

368ページ
言語

英語
出版社

Anchor
発売日

1998/2/1
寸法

13.11 x 1.91 x 20.24 cm
ISBN-10

0385121229
ISBN-13

978-0385121224
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William H. McNeill
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McNeill's highly acclaimed work is a brilliant and challenging account of the effects of disease on human history. His sophisticated analysis and detailed grasp of the subject make this book fascinating reading. By the author of The Rise Of The West.

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"A book of the first importance, a truly revolutionary work." —The New Yorker

"A brilliantly conceptualized and challenging achievement." —Kirkus Reviews

登録情報

出版社 ‏ : ‎ Anchor; Updated版 (1998/2/1)
発売日 ‏ : ‎ 1998/2/1
言語 ‏ : ‎ 英語
ペーパーバック ‏ : ‎ 368ページ
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0385121229
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0385121224
寸法 ‏ : ‎ 13.11 x 1.91 x 20.24 cm

Amazon 売れ筋ランキング: - 77,646位洋書 (洋書の売れ筋ランキングを見る)
- - 39位Communicable Diseases
- - 43位Epidemiology
- - 46位History of Medicine

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ウィリアム H．マクニ−ル

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Meg N

Plagues and Peoples reflects Health and History - Why, and How

2015年9月18日に日本でレビュー済み

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This 1997 revision of the original 1976 Plagues and Peoples appeared the same year as the Pulitzer Prize-winning Guns, Germs, and Steel, and both contributed greatly to tracking known vectors thoughtfully across the globe, ancient to modern, to give us a more even-handed grasp of history. Most Americans are aware of the immense role that previously unknown European diseases played in the European takeover of the Americas, but this fascinating book follows the role of diseases in the fall of the Roman Empire, the success of the Mongol Empire, the great 17th-century European epidemics, the fragility of caste systems in India, and the role of medicine in the modern world where AIDS, Ebola, and vaccinations color our global interconnectedness. The science is well-explained, from microparasites to macroparasites, viruses to bacteria, and the transition of sporadic outbreaks to widespread epidemics to routine childhood diseases and vaccinations. Careful reading of the impact of mass movements of tribes and peoples in this 295-page book might yield lessons applicable in current refugee situations. There are 48 pages of notes, an impressive list of the epidemics in Chinese history, and a very useful index.

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Andre Noel

Excellent book

2020年4月16日にカナダでレビュー済み

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A very interesting read during the coved 19 pandemic. Although a little bit dated, it provides good background on epidemics and their role in human life. Humans are part of nature and cannot avoid being attacked by micro-parasitism (bacteria and viruses). They are also their own worst predators, a phenomena named macro-parasitism by the author.

1人のお客様がこれが役に立ったと考えています

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A. Lewis

good book in good condition

2019年4月24日に英国でレビュー済み

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It arrived well packed and safe and I am now reading it - the style is nice and very readable even though the book is quite old, it is well worth reading.

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Oparazzo

Unsichtbare Geschichtslenker

2013年12月7日にドイツでレビュー済み

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Dass nicht die Europäer, sondern deren mitgebrachte Krankheiten die Ureinwohner Amerikas besiegt und nahezu ausgerottet haben, weiß so gut wie jeder. Weniger bekannt ist die Tatsache, dass Seuchen die Menschheitsgeschichte vom Beginn an maßgeblich geprägt haben, bis sich im 18. Jahrhundert endlich eine empirische, evidenzbasierte Medizin entwickelte, mit der Ärzte den Patienten zum ersten Mal mehr nützten als schadeten. Mit der Entdeckung der Krankheitskeime wurde schließlich Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts der Grundstein dafür gelegt, dass Seuchen heute nicht mehr die Geschicke ganzer Völker bestimmen (für den Zufall, dass man heute lebt, ist man im Verlauf der Lektüre immer wieder dankbar).

William McNeill schreibt in seinem Standardwerk "Plagues und Peoples" einen großen Teil der Geschichte wenn nicht neu, dann zumindest unter einem ungewohnten Blickwinkel: Immer wieder haben Mikroparasiten (Viren, Bakterien, Plasmodien) Kriege entschieden, entweder indem angegriffene Völker den fremden Keimen nichts entgegensetzen konnten (s.o.), oder indem sie die Angreifer (McNeill hat hier den passenden Begriff "Makroparasiten" geprägt, den er auch auf Landesherrscher, Steuereintreiber und Grundbesitzer anwendet) entscheidend geschwächt haben: Noch im Krimkrieg starben zehnmal mehr britische Soldaten an der Ruhr als im Gefecht. Die für die Betroffenen sehr ähnlichen, fatalen Auswirkungen von Mikro- und Makroparasitismus sind übrigens ein wiederkehrendes Thema des Buchs.

An zahlreichen Beispielen erläutert McNeill, wie sich Parasiten und Menschen (und häufig Zwischenwirte) oft innerhalb weniger Generationen aufeinander einstellen, warum manche Seuchen kommen und wieder verschwinden, und warum eine hohe Bevölkerungsdichte gegen viele Krankheiten resistent macht, gegenüber anderen dafür anfälliger.

Natürlich wurden tödliche Krankheitskeime nicht nur durch Eroberungsfeldzüge und andere Völkerwanderungen ausgebreitet, sondern auch durch neugeknüpfte Handelsbeziehungen oder durch den Tourismus. Letzterer wird im Buch allerdings nicht thematisiert, denn der spielte im Erscheinungsjahr 1976 längst nicht die Rolle wie heute. AIDS wird in einem kurzen Vorwort von 1998 behandelt; Schweine-, Hühner- und sonstige Grippen, die heute in die Schlagzeilen kommen, finden wir, ohne dass sie namentlich genannt werden, in einer recht düsteren Prognose am Ende des Buches wieder, in der er es für nicht unwahrscheinlich hält, dass, salopp teleologisch formuliert, Mutter Natur schon etwas einfallen wird, das Wachstum der Menschheit gründlich auszubremsen.

Leicht zu lesen ist das Buch nicht; Wortschatz und mitunter Thomas-Mannsche Satzbauwerke erfordern volle Konzentration. Das liegt vielleicht daran, dass McNeill Historiker und kein Naturwissenschaftler ist - umso bemerkenswerter deshalb die große Detailkenntnis, mit der die biologischen und medizinischen Zusammenhänge erklärt werden.

4人のお客様がこれが役に立ったと考えています

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Tim F. Martin

Fascinating look at the influence of disease on history

2005年5月24日にアメリカ合衆国でレビュー済み

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_Plagues and Peoples_ by William H. McNeill is an absolutely brilliant work of history; though originally published in 1977 it is still insightful and influential. Just as Brian Fagan in _The Long Summer_ viewed human history through the prism of climatic change, McNeill in this work showed how the world got to be the way it is in large part thanks to disease. How the various communities of humans in the world came to an accommodation with those infectious diseases that were able to reach epidemic proportions, when and whether or not a disease went from a being epidemic to endemic (milder, generally a childhood disease) in a given population, was a major factor in world history and one that was often overlooked. According to McNeill, for too long the role of infectious disease in world history has not been properly taken into account, historians for many decades viewing epidemics as "accidents" and infection (and fear of infection) often having been treated as "unpredictable" and "incomprehensible," as disease "spoiled the web of interpretation and explanation" that historians used to understand the human experience. McNeill sought to chronicle man's history with infectious disease and the far-reaching consequences that resulted when contacts across disease boundaries allowed a new infection to invade a population that had no acquired immunity to its effects. The contemporary global diffusion of childhood diseases such as measles, mumps, and until recently smallpox took thousands of years, a history well covered in this book.

It was due to a near lack of disease that humanity was able to multiple vastly between 40,000 and 10,000 B.C; as humans left the tropical environment of Africa, it left behind not only diseases that were endemic to the environment that had kept mankind in check but additionally moved into non-tropical environments that were not as benign for many parasites (McNeill often referred to infectious diseases as microparasites or simply parasites). The biological checks on humankind in sub-Saharan Africa were absent in temperate and northern climates, with lower temperatures and oftentimes drier conditions inimical to many parasites and with fewer organisms present to become possible parasites.

Unfortunately, humanity began to reverse this relative lack of disease with the advent of agriculture. By multiplying a restricted number of species - both animal and human- dense concentrations of potential food for parasites were created. Weed species arose to fill in the gaps created by such huge distortions in normal ecological systems. Many weeds - such as plant weeds and mice - were relatively easy to control, but microorganisms for centuries defied understanding and control. Most if not all of these microorganisms jumped to humans from livestock, and as parasites that pass directly from human to human with no intermediate host and indeed cannot survive without a large pool of non-immune humans, are "rank newcomers" in terms of the evolution of life on Earth. These diseases are the hallmarks of civilization.

The "domestication" of disease that occurred between 1300 and 1700 was a major landmark in world history, the direct result of two great transportation revolutions, one on land initiated by the Mongols and one on sea initiated by the Europeans during the age of exploration. When diseases first appear they are often spectacularly fatal, so lethal that it is possible for a microorganism to die out locally or even completely. Only after a period of time has passed can hosts and parasites adjust to one another, as the disease becomes a normal, endemic, more or less stable part of civilized society, a relationship less destructive to human hosts and more secure for the parasites, the latter able to count on a fresh supply of susceptible children to infect. Only with continued exposure can a population hope to develop this balance, as older individuals acquire immunity to the disease, reinforced by repeated exposure. Paradoxically, the more diseased a community, the less destructive are its epidemics, as adults are less likely to die, adults being more difficult to replace then infants and more damaging to society when they do perish. The more communications spread between Europe, North America, and the rest of the world, the smaller became the chance of any really devastating disease encounter. Only a radical mutation of an existing disease-causing organism or a new transfer from some other host to humans offered the possibility of any devastating epidemic as the world became one disease pool. Former separate disease pools, once separated by major geographical barriers - mountains, deserts, and oceans - converged into one disease pool as no large group of humans remained isolated from the rest of humanity by the end of the 19th century. To McNeill, a disease regime that he called modern existed only after "endemicity" spread throughout the world, first from port city to port city and then filtering into rural towns and the countryside. It was only after the endemicity of the major childhood diseases - their domestication - occurred that population growth really began to occur worldwide, that cities no longer needed a constant influx of rural migrants to replace large numbers of deaths each year (amazingly this only happened finally in 1900).

In addition to the history of disease and its effects other related topics are covered, such as the development of modern urban sewer systems (thanks in large part to cholera), how changes in agricultural practices affected disease propagation and spread (ironically while many diseases spread from cattle to humans it was the presence of large number of cattle that interrupted the chain of malarial transmission in much of Europe), the advent of modern doctors, acceptance of the germ theory of disease, and the development of vaccines. It was very interesting to learn that Edward Jenner did not invent vaccination; while his role was very important, smallpox inoculation at a folk level existed for hundreds of years in Arabia, North Africa, Persia, India, and China. Also the coverage of bubonic plague, leprosy, and syphilis is especially good in this book, the sections on it making for fascinating reading.

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TA

A very interesting book from the ‘70s, highly relevant today

2021年6月5日にドイツでレビュー済み

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An excellent book on how disease affected human history, human progress and the ecosystem at large. Proposes a compelling theory of precarious ecological balance that when upset has serious consequences. Very well written with lots of facts in support of the main argument. Puts the coronavirus pandemic in perspective. One of the strongest books on the history of infectious disease and its impact

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