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The Tyranny of Experts: Economists, Dictators, and the Forgotten Rights of the Poor ペーパーバック – 2015/3/24

英語版 William Easterly (著)

4.5 301個の評価

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In this "bracingly iconoclastic” book (New York Times Book Review), a renowned economics scholar breaks down the fight to end global poverty and the rights that poor individuals have had taken away for generations.

In The Tyranny of Experts, renowned economist William Easterly examines our failing efforts to fight global poverty, and argues that the "expert approved" top-down approach to development has not only made little lasting progress, but has proven a convenient rationale for decades of human rights violations perpetrated by colonialists, postcolonial dictators, and US and UK foreign policymakers seeking autocratic allies. Demonstrating how our traditional antipoverty tactics have both trampled the freedom of the world's poor and suppressed a vital debate about alternative approaches to solving poverty, Easterly presents a devastating critique of the blighted record of authoritarian development. In this masterful work, Easterly reveals the fundamental errors inherent in our traditional approach and offers new principles for Western agencies and developing countries alike: principles that, because they are predicated on respect for the rights of poor people, have the power to end global poverty once and for all.

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本の長さ

416ページ
言語

英語
出版社

Basic Books
発売日

2015/3/24
寸法

13.97 x 3.18 x 21.59 cm
ISBN-10

9780465089734
ISBN-13

978-0465089734
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"A provocative book that will rile the development world.... A timely blast against the complacency of those who think progress and prosperity can be detached from politics."―Guardian (UK)

"Easterly's message is simple: Before you offer a helping hand, look hard at the core beliefs that brought you good fortune."―Washington Post

"There is something indomitable about William Easterly, and he has struck the development establishment where it is weakest: its appalling human rights record."―Los Angeles Times Book Review

"Easterly is one of the most consistently interesting and provocative thinkers on development."―Bloomberg View

"Thought provoking."―Economist

"This powerful polemic against top-down aid projects convinces."―Times of London (UK)

"A passionate, if fitful, argument against the conventional approach to economic development."―Washington Post

"Easterly has written a book that grabs a reader's attention from the first sentence.... Highly recommended."―Choice

"Fascinating."―Lancet

"The Tyranny of Experts is intellectual comfort food for people ... who are skeptical of the idea that the only things standing between us and a world free of poverty are insufficient funding and political will."―Cato Institute's Regulation

"Easterly delivers a scathing assault on the anti-poverty programs associated with both the United Nations and its political and private sector supporters.... A sharply written polemic intended to stir up debate about the aims of global anti-poverty campaigns"―Kirkus

"Easterly's research may help start a dialog about identifying better methods for alleviating global poverty and should assist readers interested in humanitarian efforts who want to draw their own conclusions about how to aid the world's poor."―Library Journal

著者について

William Easterly is Professor of Economics at New York University and Co-director of the NYU Development Research Institute. He is the author of several books on global politics and economics, including The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (winner of the FA Hayek Award). His writing has appeared in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, New York Review of Books, and Washington Post. Foreign Policy magazine named him among the Top 100 Global Public Intellectuals. He lives in New York.

登録情報

ASIN ‏ : ‎ 0465089739
出版社 ‏ : ‎ Basic Books; 第1版 (2015/3/24)
発売日 ‏ : ‎ 2015/3/24
言語 ‏ : ‎ 英語
ペーパーバック ‏ : ‎ 416ページ
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 9780465089734
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0465089734
寸法 ‏ : ‎ 13.97 x 3.18 x 21.59 cm

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JoseTarso

Development

2018年8月21日にメキシコでレビュー済み

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This book proves that development needs to promote poor’s human rights, rather than preserve the status quo of the current development aid agencies.

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greg

Four Stars

2016年5月3日にカナダでレビュー済み

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Well put together

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Harry

Tyranny of Experts is a valuable history lesson and a highly recommended read.

2016年1月25日にアメリカ合衆国でレビュー済み

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I highly recommended Easterly's new work to my staff. Here is an excellent review from one of those who read it:
William Easterly – The Tyranny of Experts
Reviewed by Katelyn G.
William Easterly's The Tyranny of Experts is an eye-opening book and
worthwhile reading for anyone who wants to work in development or gain a deeper
understanding of effective methods to alleviate poverty. The book serves as a strong
argument in favor of spontaneous solutions to problems in development over an
authoritarian, technocratic approach that denies individual rights. Through many
historical examples from Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas, Easterly demonstrates
that although technocratic solutions may solve some development problems in the short
term, greater long-term prosperity can be achieved in societies that promote free trade,
innovation and entrepreneurship.
The sense of history within The Tyranny of Experts is one of its great strengths.
Critiquing “Blank Slate” thinking throughout the book, Easterly provides valuable
historical context to educate the reader on how current development thinking evolved,
tracing its beginnings to the post-colonial era, when Western powers needed a reason to
retain power and influence as their empires collapsed. Later, Cold War strategy would
lead countries like the United States to support autocratic leaders and technocratic
development initiatives that helped it retain influence in the face of the Communist threat.
It is clear that the Western approach to development has always served multiple political
purposes.
Easterly’s emphasis on history over the long term enables him to highlight how
different practices work over generations. For example, in discussing the insular trading
practices among the Maghribi people, Easterly is able to identify how the level of trust
between group members facilitated trade, but ultimately inhibited prosperity by limiting
with whom the group could and would trade. Again, Easterly brings home the message
that history must not be ignored, and therefore a good solution in one country may not be
the right solution for another based on the specific context of each.
Throughout The Tyranny of Experts, we see that poverty is complex, and not
caused by a lack of talent or intelligence among people who are just waiting for
development experts to save them (as the deeply racist post-colonial leaders seem to have
thought). This examination of history and motive makes for an exciting read, providing a
new lens through which to review topics most of us have researched before, like the slave
trade. Easterly argues that, “oppression has broad consequences that hold back
development” (159). He explains that even today, countries from which people were
taken to be sold as slaves experience greater levels of poverty, and are more reluctant to
trade with local neighboring communities that helped capture their people. Italy serves as
another example Easterly provides to highlight the long term consequences of oppression
as the author shows how Italian cities that experienced absolute rule in the twelfth
century and were more restricted in trade do not fare as well even today as those that
were free cities. A history of limited rights and damaged relationships negatively impacts
trade opportunities, thereby inhibiting development. Easterly’s examples demonstrate that
those consequences can last for centuries.
The book maintains credibility by acknowledging arguments his detractors could
make about the success of technocratic initiatives. Easterly questions solutions that, at
first glance, seem to have worked. One example provided is an autocratic Ethiopia’s
reduction of child mortality, which led to accolades from leaders and influences like
Tony Blair and Bill Gates. Easterly acknowledges this perceived success, but uncovers
flaws in reporting that call into question whether such results are worth. We find that
childhood mortality data is known to be imprecise, especially in nations where birth and
death rates are not reliably reported (123). Meanwhile, this Ethiopian regime was known
for oppressing political rivals and denying them food aid, a fact ignored by those who
were celebrating the regime’s success in health initiatives.
I also want to credit Easterly for consistency in his approach. When he argues in
favor of protecting individual rights to promote prosperity, he values the individual above
the state. I was struck by his inclusion of arguments in favor of freedom of movement,
which particularly caught my attention, as the immigration debate is ever ongoing.
Easterly gives the example that most Haitians who have lifted themselves out of poverty
are living outside of Haiti. In addition, he questions why a skilled professional like a
doctor from a poorer country should remain at home out of loyalty to the needs of his or
her country, particularly when that individual could live a much more prosperous life by
relocating to the United States. To see Easterly treat individual rights with enough
importance to transcend borders was especially refreshing after reading through the many
ways that racism has influenced development policy.
The ultimate purpose of all of this history, all these different case studies from
across the world, is to highlight how an emphasis on individual rights is proven to lead to
greater prosperity. Although an autocrat may be able to accomplish specific development
goals faster, it may not be sustainable or worth the price of oppression. Easterly writes
that, “oppression has broad consequences that hold back development” (159). As we have
seen in the examples I have cited, the negative consequences of autocratic rule can last
for generations.
Of course, moving away from autocracies cannot happen overnight, and in certain
cases it may make sense to support positive initiatives that will promote health, and
therefore prosperity, even if the government itself is deeply flawed. In reading The
Tyranny of Experts, I appreciated that Easterly is ever grounded in reality, and the author
posits that, “an incremental positive change in freedom will yield a positive change in
well-being for the world's poor.” Although change will not happen instantaneously,
moving toward greater autonomy will encourage innovation, trade and prosperity.
Easterly concludes that we must not be “seduced” by seemingly benevolent
autocrats, whose power means that they can accomplish development goals faster, but at
too great a cost. It is here that I believe Easterly misses an opportunity. I would have been
interested to see the book discuss the rights of women in relation to autocracies. To me,
this would have been particularly relevant, as rights for women have been known to
increase under autocrats. Under Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak, women enjoyed such
perks as proportional representation in parliament. As Mubarak’s government was
overthrown and a new government was forming, laws that increased the rights of women
were labeled, “Suzanne’s Laws” after Mubarak’s wife, linked to the old regime and seen
as initiative’s whose true purpose was to appease the West. This strange connection
between women’s rights and oppressive rule is part of the reason women so often see
their rights disappear during political transition. I would be interested to see Easterly
include a comparison of case studies specific to women in autocratic societies versus free
societies. Such a discussion could have fit nicely with Easterly's exploration of the
decline of child mortality in Ethiopia, and how it led to the Western leaders overlooking
the problematic aspects of a dictator's rule (such as denying political opponents food aid).
And as Whole Planet Foundation has a strong focus on empowered women changing
their own lives through entrepreneurship, it would have made the book even more
relevant to our work (surprisingly, Easterly did not write this book only for us).
The Tyranny of Experts is a valuable history lesson and a highly recommended
read. It will ask the reader to question “facts” and statistics presented by development
institutions, to rethink old ideas about historical events and to value the rights of the
individual, even when an autocrat manages to accomplish some good initiatives. I often
think that confirmation bias causes people to seek out books that will verify what they
already think, and that it is difficult to change anyone’s opinion. I believe this book
presents arguments compelling enough to challenge existing beliefs.

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Roy

excellent

2016年4月5日にフランスでレビュー済み

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Un autre excellent ouvrage sur l'économie du développement de William Easterly! Ici trois grandes questions sont abordées: le rôle de l'histoire (par rapport à une vision uniforme des pays en développement), le rôle de la planification (face aux individus) et la dimension d'ordre spontanée à travers la garantie des droits, à travers, notamment, une opposition entre Hayek et Myrdal... Tout est expliqué dès les 50 premières pages; le reste présente des exemples concrets et pertinents. L'ouvrage permet de prendre du recul par rapport à des développement classiques en économie de l'environnement. Il s'inscrit assez largement dans la veine du dernier ouvrage d'Acemoglu et Robinson... Une très seine lecture pour prendre de la hauteur.

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Wolfgang Ulbrich

Experten haben noch kein Land entwickelt

2016年3月31日にドイツでレビュー済み

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Entwicklung erfolgte historisch stets aus eigenen internen Antriebskräften. Diese sind kulturell, soziologisch und psychologisch bedingt, abgesehen von den klimatischen und geopolitischen Bedingungen. Easterly erklärt überzeugend, dass die seit Jahrzehnten vorherrschende Expertenbesserwisserei und -arroganz (man denkt unwillkürlich auch an die Grünen) viel Schaden angerichtet hat. Ein lesenswertes Buch für alle die noch daran glauben, dass Entwicklungsländer auch ohne die sogenannten Experten auf die Beine kommen können.

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