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The Idea of Justice ハードカバー – 2009/9/30
Social justice: an ideal, forever beyond our grasp; or one of many practical possibilities? More than a matter of intellectual discourse, the idea of justice plays a real role in how—and how well—people live. And in this book the distinguished scholar Amartya Sen offers a powerful critique of the theory of social justice that, in its grip on social and political thinking, has long left practical realities far behind.
The transcendental theory of justice, the subject of Sen’s analysis, flourished in the Enlightenment and has proponents among some of the most distinguished philosophers of our day; it is concerned with identifying perfectly just social arrangements, defining the nature of the perfectly just society. The approach Sen favors, on the other hand, focuses on the comparative judgments of what is “more” or “less” just, and on the comparative merits of the different societies that actually emerge from certain institutions and social interactions.
At the heart of Sen’s argument is a respect for reasoned differences in our understanding of what a “just society” really is. People of different persuasions—for example, utilitarians, economic egalitarians, labor right theorists, no-nonsense libertarians—might each reasonably see a clear and straightforward resolution to questions of justice; and yet, these clear and straightforward resolutions would be completely different. In light of this, Sen argues for a comparative perspective on justice that can guide us in the choice between alternatives that we inevitably face.
- 本の長さ496ページ
- 言語英語
- 出版社Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
- 発売日2009/9/30
- 寸法16.51 x 3.81 x 24.77 cm
- ISBN-100674036131
- ISBN-13978-0674036130
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商品の説明
レビュー
--Hilary Putnam, Harvard University
In lucid and vigorous prose, The Idea of Justice gives us a political philosophy that is dedicated to the reduction of injustice on Earth rather than to the creation of ideally just castles in the air. Amartya Sen brings political philosophy face to face with human aspiration and human deprivation in the real world, to whose improvement he has devoted his intellectual life.
--G. A. Cohen, University of Oxford
A major critical analysis and synthesis. Sen's inclusive approach transcends the many important scholars and viewpoints that he analyzes. The Idea of Justice presents a set of considerations on justice of importance to both the academic community and to the world of policy formation.
--Kenneth Arrow, Nobel Laureate in Economics, Stanford University
Few contemporary thinkers have had as much direct impact on world affairs as Amartya Sen --Philippe Van Parijs, Louvain University
In the courtliest of tones, Mr. Sen charges John Rawls, an American philosopher who died in 2002, with sending political thinkers up a tortuous blind alley. The Rawlsian project of trying to describe ideally just institutions is a distracting and ultimately fruitless way to think about social injustice, Mr. Sen complains. Such a spirited attack against possibly the most influential English-speaking political philosopher of the past 100 years will alone excite attention. The Idea of Justice serves also as a commanding summation of Mr. Sen's own work on economic reasoning and on the elements and measurement of human well-being...Mr. Sen writes with dry wit, a feel for history and a relaxed cosmopolitanism...The Idea of Justice is a feast...Nobody can reasonably complain any longer that they do not see how the parts of Mr. Sen's grand enterprise fit together...Mr. Sen ends, suitably, with democracy. It can take many institutional forms, he says. But none succeeds without open debate about values and principles. To that vital element in public reason, as he calls it, The Idea of Justice is a contribution of the highest rank. (The Economist 2009-08-06)
[Sen's] magnum opus on a line of work he's long addressed and now thoroughly re-examines: justice theory...In repeatedly bringing back into the discussion Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments, Sen signals the need for justice theory to reconnect to realistic human psychology, not the phony formal rationalism that infects modern economics or the for-sake-of-argument altruism that anchors Rawls's project.
--Carlin Romano (Chronicle of Higher Education 2009-09-14)
An original contribution to political philosophy.
--Adam Kirsch (City Journal 2009-09-11)
Sen's whole book is a cornucopia of commonsense humane advice combined with analytical insight, and far wiser than those thinkers who try to derive all their recommendations from one usually questionable overriding value.
--Samuel Brittan (Financial Times 2009-09-04)
In this intricate, endlessly thought-provoking book, Sen brings the full force of his formidable mind and his moral sense to show how specific questions--of chronic malnourishment, ill-health, demographic gender imbalance--must be analysed in terms of justice. Doing something about them is not a discretionary matter--it is a requirement of being human. Sen is the most sophisticated intellectual campaigner of our times--his arguments have shaped not just academic disciplines but the policies of governments and of global institutions like the World Bank.
--Sunil Khilnani (Financial Times online 2009-07-25)
Polymathic brilliance among scholars is now generally agreed to be a thing of the past. The advance of knowledge means that providing intellectual leadership in economics, political theory and philosophy, as John Stuart Mill did, is not possible...But someone forgot to tell all this to Amartya Sen.
--Richard Reeves (Sunday Times 2009-09-26)
[A] majestic book... Reading The Idea of Justice is like attending a master class in practical reasoning. You can't help noticing you are engaging with a great, deeply pluralistic, mind...This is a monumental work.
--Ziauddin Sardar (The Independent 2009-08-21)
Sen has given us a magisterial treatment of a moral and philosophical problem which touches us from the cradle to the grave. The work bids to replace John Rawls and his predecessors back to Hobbes and Locke as the model and paragon of theoretical analysis on the idea of justice...A compelling read.
--Bill McSweeney (Irish Times 2009-08-15)
I depart feeling challenged, invigorated, and questioning after my encounter with one of the most remarkable thinkers alive today.
--Sholto Byrnes (The Independent 2009-07-19)
This is an essential book; it sums up and extends the contributions of one of the world's leading thinkers about justice.
--David Gordon (Library Journal 2009-10-15)
Sen is one of the great thinkers of our era, and his writings range from discursive and luminous interventions on great modern questions, such as identity and famine, to major complex works on political philosophy. At a moment when many are wondering whether there couldn't be a better world than that preceding the credit crunch, and better lives to be led, Sen is publishing...The Idea of Justice, an attempt to construct a new way of understanding what a more just world might be like...If a public intellectual is defined by his or her capacity to bridge the worlds of pure ideas and the most far-reaching policies, Sen has few rivals... Sen's revolutionary idea is that of capability, the capacity that people have for living and choosing how to live a good life. A good idea of justice concerns enhancing capability.
--David Aaronovitch (The Times 2009-07-04)
Characteristically clear and powerful...This book is a distillation of so much that has come to be associated with Sen, and reading these new formulations is truly humbling. The intellectual clarity, the ability to create conceptually innovative distinctions, the broad range of historical learning from sources across the world, the powerful use of examples, but perhaps most importantly, the deep humanity and faith in a certain form of non-utopian progress all vividly shine through.
--Pratap Bhanu Mehta (Outlook 2009-08-12)
[Sen's] book quite radically attempts to shift the grounds of the conversation [about justice] altogether. It seeks to provide a counter-framework rather than a counter-theory. And this is only one of its many admirable ambitions...The repudiation of the economicist account of life is one of this book's most valuable achievements...The spectacle of an economist rejecting a purely economic understanding of the individual is delightful to behold. And this wise and deep position--focusing on a comparative, results-oriented approach, which is measured by the actual capabilities that it offers human beings--is not based on Sen's arguments alone, important and penetrating as they are. His position expresses also a larger sensibility that is anchored in his exceptional range of thought and his lifelong commitments. Besides what he describes as his love affair with philosophy, he is a world-renowned economist and one of the greatest public intellectuals of India, who has been a leading voice for social and economic reforms, breaking new ground in the analysis of gender inequality, famine, and illiteracy. Sen's range is amazing. His intimacy with the Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim cultures of India, which is beautifully woven into the book, gives him access to a far greater range of argumentation and reasoning than is common among philosophers who were educated exclusively in the Western analytical tradition. His knowledge of this vast cultural history, and his profound respect for it, is an important source of Sen's humility in recognizing the essential plurality of legitimate claims--in rejecting any sort of monism in the life of the mind...His work--in its simultaneous affirmation of the universal and the particular--serves as an eloquent and humane testimony to the power of reason, which respects (when it is honest and attends to the integrity of its arguments) the multiplicity of voices and traditions. Reason seeks truth wherever it may be found, and so, like the author of this genuinely important book, it travels widely, and may find support near and far.
--Moshe Halbertal (New Republic 2009-12-02)
Clearly the place to start for ascertaining how [Sen's] views fit together into a unique and inspiring position on justice.
--Samuel Moyn (The Nation 2009-11-18)
Sen's stimulating and eloquent new work is in some ways a commentary on Rawls, but its refinements give his arguments greater applicability. (New Yorker 2009-12-07)
The Idea of Justice is...grand in the best sense of the word, taking on difficult subjects, and respectfully following centuries of philosophical debate while imaginatively rethinking them...[It] will undoubtedly set many future agendas for social research...The Idea of Justice marries economic and political analysis to moral reasoning, and this is among the most important elements of this volume...The Idea of Justice transcends political convention, expansively and elegantly. Read it front to back as a logical rethinking of classical political theory; read it back to front as an agenda of pressing, shared concerns. Either way, this is a volume worth its considerable weight and length. In an era typified by increasingly contentious politics, violent challenges to states and societies, and elusive (and often ignored) norms for global political engagement, The Idea of Justice is a call for civility in the best sense of the word, and a model of gracious intellectual engagement.
--Paula Newberg (Globe and Mail 2009-10-24)
The must-read of 2009 is The Idea of Justice.
--Christopher Lee (The Scotsman 2009-12-05)
Sen's magisterial critique of the dominant mode of liberal political philosophy, which chases after the chimera of an ideally just society rather than identifying existing injustices, confirmed him as the English--speaking world's pre--eminent public intellectual. By 2009, leading politicians from all sides were falling over themselves to claim Sen as their own. (New Statesman 2009-12-10)
In The Idea of Justice Sen orchestrates his many contributions and achievements into a distinctive position on justice...How the current revival of political philosophy will influence future generations is impossible to predict. But it's a safe bet that the debates will be of world-historical importance, and that Sen's ideas about justice, social choice theory, and the capabilities approach to assessing well-being will make a crucial contribution to them.
--Samuel Freeman (New York Review of Books 2010-10-14)
著者について
登録情報
- 出版社 : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 第1版 (2009/9/30)
- 発売日 : 2009/9/30
- 言語 : 英語
- ハードカバー : 496ページ
- ISBN-10 : 0674036131
- ISBN-13 : 978-0674036130
- 寸法 : 16.51 x 3.81 x 24.77 cm
- Amazon 売れ筋ランキング: - 250,472位洋書 (洋書の売れ筋ランキングを見る)
- - 921位Theory of Economics
- - 1,397位Popular Economics (洋書)
- - 1,462位Philosophy of Ethics & Morality
- カスタマーレビュー:
著者について
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トップレビュー
上位レビュー、対象国: 日本
レビューのフィルタリング中に問題が発生しました。後でもう一度試してください。
第二部を締めくくる章では、古代サンスクリットの叙事詩マハバーラタの偉大な英雄戦士アルジュナとその従者であり神の化身といわれるクリシュナとの間の見解の相違が取り上げられる。比喩的に言うとアルジュナはハムレットのような立場に立たされ、従兄弟が不正な手段で就いている王位を奪還する戦いに踏み出すことを逡巡する。クリシュナは「結果を考えずに自らに課せられた義務を果たすこと」こそが正義(←動機を重視する義務論的正義観)なのだと説く。しかし、アルジュナは自らの決断がもたらす数多くの犠牲を想像する、つまり"Consequence-sensitive"な包括的結果主義の立場から正義の意味をより深く吟味しようとするのである。この違いをセンは安っぽい「正義」の戦争に赴いたブッシュ政権のもたらした悲惨を事例に検証する。センは、こうした包括的結果'Comprehensive outcomes'を重視する結果主義を、それが生起した諸過程との連関を切り離した結果'Culmination outcomes'のみを重視する成果主義的結果主義'とも区別する。
ところで、アメリカのブッシュ前政権は、「大量破壊兵器が存在する」というイラク攻撃の最大の口実を失った後、「独裁政権を倒してイラク国民に民主主義を与える」と戦争目的を変更した。これに対して国際世論は、1)武力による押し付けは間違いだ、という反対理由の他に、2)民主主義は、それを支える共和制という固有の伝統に支えられなければ意味はない、とする批判が聞かれた。この2)が提起する問題についてセンは「公共的論理"Public reasoning"が直接必要とされ、力を持つのは、歴史的に継承された伝統や信念によるというよりも、制度や慣習が提供する"議論する機会や意思疎通機会"による」として、民主主義の理念的普遍性を擁護する。ここでも投票制度など制度指向型の思考を脱却して「公共的議論」に焦点を当てる理念重視の民主主義理解が必要だと説く。その意味で、インドや中東はじめ世界どこにでも民主主義の芽は存在するのだとし、日本については聖徳太子の17条憲法の条文にもその精神が宿るとされる。
他に、センはロールズの"Primary Goods"の配分を基準とする公正さにも疑問を呈する。彼の立場は"freedom based capability Approach"であるとされ、財そのものの平等な配分や、結果的に選択された行為がなんであるかが問題なのではなく、各人がそれぞれに所持する財に基づいて行為する際の自由度、あるいはどんな選択肢の中で選択された行為であるか、というところで不平等・不公正がないかどうかを見なければならないという。この点で、客観的な財の質を広げてその配分の不公正を問題にする、同じ"Capability Approach”を志向するM.ヌスバウム等とも見解を異にする。
ロールズの格差原理に対する理論的批判は、排他的無視'Exclusionary Neglect'、内包的矛盾と焦点集団の可塑性'Inclusive Incoherence and Focal group plasticity'、および手続き的偏狭さ'Closed Impartiality and Parochialism'の問題として3点に渡って展開される。その際、アダム・スミスのより開かれた「公平な観察者」視点との対比で、ロールズのそれが一つの社会や国家に限定される閉じられた公平性であることが問題だとされる。
最後に、ロールズなど制度論的立場をとる論者と自らの立場に共通する「正義」への視点は何かと問いかける。そこでホッブズによる「自然状態」における人々の孤立状態の描写が引用される。センはそれが世界のどこで起こっていることであるにせよ「意思疎通も協力し合うこともない孤立的な生活に不可避的に追いやられている人々」の存在について理解を深め、共感を持って論ずることこそ人間生活の質を確保する上でも、他の剥奪を理解し、それに対応するうえでも最重要課題であると結論付ける。これは、遠いアフリカの問題であるだけではなく、OECD統計で、世界第一の相対的貧困率を誇るアメリカや、第二位につける我が日本で進行している事態そのものでもある。正義の今日的な意味を考える上で特に示唆的な問題提起であると思える。(7/13 一部修正)
他の国からのトップレビュー
But I have flipped through the pages and I found it well written and interesting.