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Uncharted: Big Data as a Lens on Human Culture (English Edition) Kindle版
“One of the most exciting developments from the world of ideas in decades, presented with panache by two frighteningly brilliant, endearingly unpretentious, and endlessly creative young scientists.” – Steven Pinker, author of The Better Angels of Our Nature
Our society has gone from writing snippets of information by hand to generating a vast flood of 1s and 0s that record almost every aspect of our lives: who we know, what we do, where we go, what we buy, and who we love. This year, the world will generate 5 zettabytes of data. (That’s a five with twenty-one zeros after it.) Big data is revolutionizing the sciences, transforming the humanities, and renegotiating the boundary between industry and the ivory tower.
What is emerging is a new way of understanding our world, our past, and possibly, our future. In Uncharted, Erez Aiden and Jean-Baptiste Michel tell the story of how they tapped into this sea of information to create a new kind of telescope: a tool that, instead of uncovering the motions of distant stars, charts trends in human history across the centuries. By teaming up with Google, they were able to analyze the text of millions of books. The result was a new field of research and a scientific tool, the Google Ngram Viewer, so groundbreaking that its public release made the front page of The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Boston Globe, and so addictive that Mother Jones called it “the greatest timewaster in the history of the internet.”
Using this scope, Aiden and Michel—and millions of users worldwide—are beginning to see answers to a dizzying array of once intractable questions. How quickly does technology spread? Do we talk less about God today? When did people start “having sex” instead of “making love”? At what age do the most famous people become famous? How fast does grammar change? Which writers had their works most effectively censored by the Nazis? When did the spelling “donut” start replacing the venerable “doughnut”? Can we predict the future of human history? Who is better known—Bill Clinton or the rutabaga?
All over the world, new scopes are popping up, using big data to quantify the human experience at the grandest scales possible. Yet dangers lurk in this ocean of 1s and 0s—threats to privacy and the specter of ubiquitous government surveillance. Aiden and Michel take readers on a voyage through these uncharted waters.
Our society has gone from writing snippets of information by hand to generating a vast flood of 1s and 0s that record almost every aspect of our lives: who we know, what we do, where we go, what we buy, and who we love. This year, the world will generate 5 zettabytes of data. (That’s a five with twenty-one zeros after it.) Big data is revolutionizing the sciences, transforming the humanities, and renegotiating the boundary between industry and the ivory tower.
What is emerging is a new way of understanding our world, our past, and possibly, our future. In Uncharted, Erez Aiden and Jean-Baptiste Michel tell the story of how they tapped into this sea of information to create a new kind of telescope: a tool that, instead of uncovering the motions of distant stars, charts trends in human history across the centuries. By teaming up with Google, they were able to analyze the text of millions of books. The result was a new field of research and a scientific tool, the Google Ngram Viewer, so groundbreaking that its public release made the front page of The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Boston Globe, and so addictive that Mother Jones called it “the greatest timewaster in the history of the internet.”
Using this scope, Aiden and Michel—and millions of users worldwide—are beginning to see answers to a dizzying array of once intractable questions. How quickly does technology spread? Do we talk less about God today? When did people start “having sex” instead of “making love”? At what age do the most famous people become famous? How fast does grammar change? Which writers had their works most effectively censored by the Nazis? When did the spelling “donut” start replacing the venerable “doughnut”? Can we predict the future of human history? Who is better known—Bill Clinton or the rutabaga?
All over the world, new scopes are popping up, using big data to quantify the human experience at the grandest scales possible. Yet dangers lurk in this ocean of 1s and 0s—threats to privacy and the specter of ubiquitous government surveillance. Aiden and Michel take readers on a voyage through these uncharted waters.
- ISBN-13978-1594487453
- 出版社Riverhead Books
- 発売日2013/12/26
- 言語英語
- ファイルサイズ6706 KB
- 販売: Amazon Services International LLC
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レビュー
Praise for Uncharted
“Aiden and Michel are big data pioneers, transforming how humanity thinks about itself. Uncharted is a magical, fun, fast and informative read. Every page brims with insight and humor.”
—Kenneth Cukier, co-author of Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think
“One of the most exciting developments from the world of ideas in decades, presented with panache by two frighteningly brilliant, endearingly unpretentious, and endlessly creative young scientists.”
—Steven Pinker, author of The Better Angels of Our Nature
“[A]musing, enlightening… Erez Aiden and Jean-Baptiste Michel show that our books are crammed with revelations about history, culture, economics, and politics that would even surprise their authors…. The resulting insights may shift our thinking about matters great and small." — Boston Globe
"Entertaining… This may be potato chips for intellectuals, but it is irresistible. You cannot eat just one ngram." — New York Times
“Erez and Michel are keen, lighthearted guides through their complex world… fascinating.” — San Francisco Chronicle
“Literary lovechild of: Raymond Williams’ Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society and Nate Silver’s The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail—but Some Don’t…. Aiden and Michel have made fascinating discoveries about everything from the speed of fame to Soviet censorship. That they’re only just skimming the surface is hugely exciting.” — Slate
“[Aiden and Michel] offer fascinating insights… A fun, revealing exploration of a new way to view the past.”
—Kirkus Reviews
“[Aiden and Michel] reveal a wealth of historical nuggets… [E]ven math-phobic readers may glean some fascinating sociological tidbits.” – Booklist
“Aiden and Michel are big data pioneers, transforming how humanity thinks about itself. Uncharted is a magical, fun, fast and informative read. Every page brims with insight and humor.”
—Kenneth Cukier, co-author of Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think
“One of the most exciting developments from the world of ideas in decades, presented with panache by two frighteningly brilliant, endearingly unpretentious, and endlessly creative young scientists.”
—Steven Pinker, author of The Better Angels of Our Nature
“[A]musing, enlightening… Erez Aiden and Jean-Baptiste Michel show that our books are crammed with revelations about history, culture, economics, and politics that would even surprise their authors…. The resulting insights may shift our thinking about matters great and small." — Boston Globe
"Entertaining… This may be potato chips for intellectuals, but it is irresistible. You cannot eat just one ngram." — New York Times
“Erez and Michel are keen, lighthearted guides through their complex world… fascinating.” — San Francisco Chronicle
“Literary lovechild of: Raymond Williams’ Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society and Nate Silver’s The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail—but Some Don’t…. Aiden and Michel have made fascinating discoveries about everything from the speed of fame to Soviet censorship. That they’re only just skimming the surface is hugely exciting.” — Slate
“[Aiden and Michel] offer fascinating insights… A fun, revealing exploration of a new way to view the past.”
—Kirkus Reviews
“[Aiden and Michel] reveal a wealth of historical nuggets… [E]ven math-phobic readers may glean some fascinating sociological tidbits.” – Booklist
著者について
Erez Aiden received his Ph.D. from Harvard and MIT in 2010. After several years at Harvard's Society of Fellows and at Google as visiting faculty, he became Assistant Professor at the Baylor College of Medicine and Rice University, where he directs the Center for Genome Architecture. In 2009, he was named one of MIT Technology Review’s TR35, the world's top thirty-five innovators under age thirty-five. In 2012, he received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers - the highest honor given by the U.S. government to young scientists - for inventing, with colleagues, a technology that probes how genomes fold in 3-D. He lives in Houston with his wife and family.
Jean-Baptiste Michel is a French and Mauritian entrepreneur and scientist. He is the founder of the data science company Quantified Labs, an associate scientist at Harvard University, and former visiting faculty at Google. He is a graduate of Ecole Polytechnique, and received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 2010. In 2012, he was named a TED Fellow and one of Forbes’s “30 Under 30.” He lives in Brooklyn with his wife.
For the last decade, JB and Erez have been using big data to study human culture. Their work has appeared as cover stories of Nature, Science and the New York Times, and their talks have been viewed over a million times at TED.com.
Jean-Baptiste Michel is a French and Mauritian entrepreneur and scientist. He is the founder of the data science company Quantified Labs, an associate scientist at Harvard University, and former visiting faculty at Google. He is a graduate of Ecole Polytechnique, and received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 2010. In 2012, he was named a TED Fellow and one of Forbes’s “30 Under 30.” He lives in Brooklyn with his wife.
For the last decade, JB and Erez have been using big data to study human culture. Their work has appeared as cover stories of Nature, Science and the New York Times, and their talks have been viewed over a million times at TED.com.
登録情報
- ASIN : B00C5R845Y
- 出版社 : Riverhead Books (2013/12/26)
- 発売日 : 2013/12/26
- 言語 : 英語
- ファイルサイズ : 6706 KB
- Text-to-Speech(テキスト読み上げ機能) : 有効
- X-Ray : 有効にされていません
- Word Wise : 有効
- 付箋メモ : Kindle Scribeで
- 本の長さ : 289ページ
- Amazon 売れ筋ランキング: - 93,767位洋書 (洋書の売れ筋ランキングを見る)
- - 124位Computing Industry History
- - 207位History & Philosophy
- - 273位Popular Culture in Social Sciences
- カスタマーレビュー:
著者について
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他の国からのトップレビュー

Gillian
5つ星のうち5.0
Intelligent - and funny
2016年8月26日に英国でレビュー済みAmazonで購入
An amusing and intelligent read that throws new light on how we see our culture. Look forward to reading more on this topic.
レポート
レビュー を日本語に翻訳する

A. Coutinho
5つ星のうち5.0
Inspiring
2014年1月18日にアメリカ合衆国でレビュー済みAmazonで購入
Every time mankind invented new ways of expanding our abilities (telescope, sensors, computers) we enter into a new world. The overwhelming amount of data produced in books, thanks to digitalization and sophisticated technics to explore them, opens a pandora box in the humanities. This book illustrates this with open access software and data, available to any of us. What questions are relevant? What are we doing today and what could be done? Those are issues discussed, on an easy to understand way to the layman. More important, the authors share their doubts, criticisms and ethical concerns very openly. A must read.

Inigo Astarloa
5つ星のうち4.0
interesante y provocador
2014年1月10日にスペインでレビュー済みAmazonで購入
Resulta curioso poder analizar como evoluciona la frecuencia de uso de cada palabra (ngram) en el tiempo y su relación con la cultura.. Las consideraciones finales sobre la posibilidad de registrar completamente la vida y pensamientos de un individuo generan una obvia desazón.

John M. Ford
5つ星のうち4.0
All the King's Words
2014年7月10日にアメリカ合衆国でレビュー済みAmazonで購入
Erez Aiden and Jean-Baptiste Michel are interested in word and phrase frequency and what it can reveal about history and culture. They illustrate their approach with a timeline graph of the phrases "The United States are" and "the United States is." We are unsurprised to see the "is" phrase increase in frequency after the Civil War, as the "are" phrase fades from view. This example supports our intuitions about allegiance to the Union supplanting allegiance to one's home state. It also builds our confidence in their historical profiling method for those other times when it finds a counterintuitive result.
The authors are confident in the value of historical word frequency analysis. "Big data is going to change the humanities, transform the social sciences, and renegotiate the relationship between the world of commerce and the ivory tower." They begin searching for larger and larger collections of text to analyze. They eventually wind up in the office of Peter Norvig, Google's Director of Research. They convince him to grant them access to Google Books, a tremendous digital library containing more books than have ever before been collected online. Not only do Aiden and Michel spend several years conducting historical-linguistic research, but they also author a tool (available at books dot google dot com forward-slash ngrams) that allows everyone else to do the same kind of studies.
Their book outlines how word and phrase frequency can be used to learn about cultural and historical change. It tells the story of Google Books and how the authors began to use this collection of digitized documents in their research. And it provides examples of interesting trends they have brought to light. Examples include:
- Tracing the relative "fame" of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin following the 1969 moon landing.
- Illustrating the effect of official persecution by tracing references to banned European authors before, during, and after World War II.
- The same approach is used to illustrate the effect of Hollywood blacklisting during the McCarthy era.
- The effects of "flashbulb" events such the sinking of the Lusitania in 1925, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and the 1972 Watergate scandal.
- Graphs of the relative popularity of various world population centers (cities).
- The explosive increase in use of George Carlin's "seven words you can't say on television."
The book introduces some of the techniques of text analysis and "big data" in an accessible way. However, it is lighter on methodological detail than I would have liked. Having stimulated my interest, the authors might have done more to teach me how to do their kind of trend analysis. I have to forgive them because of the extensive and readable Notes section at the end of the book. There is a lot of information here that I am still digesting. Slowly, I am learning more about their methods.
This book is worth reading, particularly if you are interested in history, culture, and language. Be sure to check out the authors' online ngram tool, too. It's worth spending some time with.
The authors are confident in the value of historical word frequency analysis. "Big data is going to change the humanities, transform the social sciences, and renegotiate the relationship between the world of commerce and the ivory tower." They begin searching for larger and larger collections of text to analyze. They eventually wind up in the office of Peter Norvig, Google's Director of Research. They convince him to grant them access to Google Books, a tremendous digital library containing more books than have ever before been collected online. Not only do Aiden and Michel spend several years conducting historical-linguistic research, but they also author a tool (available at books dot google dot com forward-slash ngrams) that allows everyone else to do the same kind of studies.
Their book outlines how word and phrase frequency can be used to learn about cultural and historical change. It tells the story of Google Books and how the authors began to use this collection of digitized documents in their research. And it provides examples of interesting trends they have brought to light. Examples include:
- Tracing the relative "fame" of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin following the 1969 moon landing.
- Illustrating the effect of official persecution by tracing references to banned European authors before, during, and after World War II.
- The same approach is used to illustrate the effect of Hollywood blacklisting during the McCarthy era.
- The effects of "flashbulb" events such the sinking of the Lusitania in 1925, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and the 1972 Watergate scandal.
- Graphs of the relative popularity of various world population centers (cities).
- The explosive increase in use of George Carlin's "seven words you can't say on television."
The book introduces some of the techniques of text analysis and "big data" in an accessible way. However, it is lighter on methodological detail than I would have liked. Having stimulated my interest, the authors might have done more to teach me how to do their kind of trend analysis. I have to forgive them because of the extensive and readable Notes section at the end of the book. There is a lot of information here that I am still digesting. Slowly, I am learning more about their methods.
This book is worth reading, particularly if you are interested in history, culture, and language. Be sure to check out the authors' online ngram tool, too. It's worth spending some time with.

Mac McAleer
5つ星のうち4.0
Quantifying historical change
2014年1月28日に英国でレビュー済みAmazonで購入
Google has been creating its own version of the ancient
Library of Alexandria
by digitising books for its Google Books project. This project has had
many obstacles
, none greater than American copyright law, which has extended the copyright of a book to 70 years after the author's death. Thus, a large proportion of books published in the 20th century are still under copyright. Despite this, two young researchers at Harvard convinced Google that they could access Google Books in a general way without infringing the copyright. This involved searching the text of these books for ngrams, where a 1-gram is a single word, a 2-gram is two words, a 3-gram is a three-word phrase, etc. The results of their research included the creation of the Google Books N-gram Viewer and this book.
Most big data has been collected in the last few decades. Google Books is unusual in being both big data and long data, where long data indicates its historical reach. The authors were interested in the history of change of English grammar, which is a perfect subject for the data held in Google Books. They investigated the frequency over time for the 1-grams "burnt" and "burned" presenting their results in a chart of frequency against time showing how "burned" is taking over. Other questions were posed and the results charted. Near the start of the book the authors are careful to point out that correlation of data does not mean causation. The fact that charts seem to show correlations between n-gram frequencies does not mean that any underlying reason has been discovered; that would require further analysis. However, the N-gram Viewer is an interesting and powerful tool. It can reinforce assumptions. For example, looking at "London" and "New York" from 1800 to the present, "London" has a constant frequency throughout the period but "New York" overtakes it in about 1900. "France" is overtaken by "China" in the late 1980s. A chart of "Trotsky" using a dataset of Russian books rises rapidly in 1917, falls rapidly in 1956 then flat-lines until 1988; that is, it changes at the onset of the Russian Revolution, the Stalinist purges and perestroika.
THE BOOK has 212 pages plus a 24 page Appendix containing n-gram charts, with 2 charts per page, a 30 page Notes section and a short Index. Other charts are scattered throughout the text. They have a hand-drawn quality, which the authors say is deliberate and was inspired by the xked Web comic style. When there are multiple plots on a chart they are often differentiated in greyscales rather than by line pattern, suggesting that the originals were produced in colour. This makes it difficult to tell the lines apart.
CONCLUSION: The book's subtitle is "Big Data as a Lens on Human Culture". This is a little misleading. If you are looking for a technical account of investigations on big data you will be disappointed. A better subtitle would be "Non-technical Adventures in Google Books". The writing style is chatty and humorous, which can be off-putting. They explain things carefully and in detail. This is irritating if you already understand the ideas e.g. half-life, statistical bias, false positives and false negatives; but it can also be of use if these things are new to the reader e.g. Zipf's Law , Andvord's cohort method, Ebbinghaus's learning curve. However, the book is easy to read and to understand. No prior technical knowledge is needed. The first three chapters give the background to the story. The following chapters describe the investigations undertaken by the authors. I was expecting this book to be physically bigger and to be more technical. Somehow, big data suggested this. Instead I found an interesting, non-technical account of a new tool. It looks like a lot of fun to use and it is capable of delivering unexpected results, some of which will prompt further investigation and may provide new insights.
LINKS: The results of the authors' research were published in a paper in the scientific journal Science titled "Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books"; the abstract of this paper can be found online. Google created the Google Books N-gram Viewer and made it available on the Internet. The authors also created a web page about their work, called culturomics. See Comment for links.
==================== N-gram frequencies in this review ====================
1-grams
frequency 51: the
frequency 26: a
frequency 24: of
frequency 17: and, in, is
frequency 12: to
frequency 9: this
frequency 8: it
frequency 7: are, be, book, for, has, that
frequency 6: authors
frequency 5: books, by, they, n-gram, results, which
frequency 4: can, charts, copyright, on, page, were
frequency 3: at, been, chart, data, frequency, Google, if, its, new, technical, their, viewer, you
frequency 2: about, account, also, an, burned, but, chapters, created, culture, does, e.g., found, further, however, I, interesting, investigations, links, London, looking, mean, non-technical, not, other, over, paper, project, published, rapidly, research, style, subtitle, text, than, these, things, throughout, time, tool, two, understand, use, using, was, Web, where, will, would
frequency 1: 2, 24, 30, 70, 212, 1800, 1900, 1917, 1956, 1988, 1980s, 1-gram, 1-grams, 20th, 2-gram, 3-gram, abstract, access, adventures, after, against, already, American, analysis, ancient, Andvord, any, apart, appendix, as, assumptions, author, available, background, being, better, between, big, bigger, both, burnt, called, capable, carefully ..................................... three, three-word, thus, titled, Trotsky, under, underlying, undertaken, unexpected, until, unusual, version, way, when, with, without, word, words, work, writing, xked, years, young
2-grams
Google Books 7, big data 4, long data 2, New York 2, false negatives 1, false positives 1, learning curve 1, quantitative analysis 1, Russian Revolution 1, statistical bias 1, Zipf's Law 1
3-grams
Library of Alexandria 1
Most big data has been collected in the last few decades. Google Books is unusual in being both big data and long data, where long data indicates its historical reach. The authors were interested in the history of change of English grammar, which is a perfect subject for the data held in Google Books. They investigated the frequency over time for the 1-grams "burnt" and "burned" presenting their results in a chart of frequency against time showing how "burned" is taking over. Other questions were posed and the results charted. Near the start of the book the authors are careful to point out that correlation of data does not mean causation. The fact that charts seem to show correlations between n-gram frequencies does not mean that any underlying reason has been discovered; that would require further analysis. However, the N-gram Viewer is an interesting and powerful tool. It can reinforce assumptions. For example, looking at "London" and "New York" from 1800 to the present, "London" has a constant frequency throughout the period but "New York" overtakes it in about 1900. "France" is overtaken by "China" in the late 1980s. A chart of "Trotsky" using a dataset of Russian books rises rapidly in 1917, falls rapidly in 1956 then flat-lines until 1988; that is, it changes at the onset of the Russian Revolution, the Stalinist purges and perestroika.
THE BOOK has 212 pages plus a 24 page Appendix containing n-gram charts, with 2 charts per page, a 30 page Notes section and a short Index. Other charts are scattered throughout the text. They have a hand-drawn quality, which the authors say is deliberate and was inspired by the xked Web comic style. When there are multiple plots on a chart they are often differentiated in greyscales rather than by line pattern, suggesting that the originals were produced in colour. This makes it difficult to tell the lines apart.
CONCLUSION: The book's subtitle is "Big Data as a Lens on Human Culture". This is a little misleading. If you are looking for a technical account of investigations on big data you will be disappointed. A better subtitle would be "Non-technical Adventures in Google Books". The writing style is chatty and humorous, which can be off-putting. They explain things carefully and in detail. This is irritating if you already understand the ideas e.g. half-life, statistical bias, false positives and false negatives; but it can also be of use if these things are new to the reader e.g. Zipf's Law , Andvord's cohort method, Ebbinghaus's learning curve. However, the book is easy to read and to understand. No prior technical knowledge is needed. The first three chapters give the background to the story. The following chapters describe the investigations undertaken by the authors. I was expecting this book to be physically bigger and to be more technical. Somehow, big data suggested this. Instead I found an interesting, non-technical account of a new tool. It looks like a lot of fun to use and it is capable of delivering unexpected results, some of which will prompt further investigation and may provide new insights.
LINKS: The results of the authors' research were published in a paper in the scientific journal Science titled "Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books"; the abstract of this paper can be found online. Google created the Google Books N-gram Viewer and made it available on the Internet. The authors also created a web page about their work, called culturomics. See Comment for links.
==================== N-gram frequencies in this review ====================
1-grams
frequency 51: the
frequency 26: a
frequency 24: of
frequency 17: and, in, is
frequency 12: to
frequency 9: this
frequency 8: it
frequency 7: are, be, book, for, has, that
frequency 6: authors
frequency 5: books, by, they, n-gram, results, which
frequency 4: can, charts, copyright, on, page, were
frequency 3: at, been, chart, data, frequency, Google, if, its, new, technical, their, viewer, you
frequency 2: about, account, also, an, burned, but, chapters, created, culture, does, e.g., found, further, however, I, interesting, investigations, links, London, looking, mean, non-technical, not, other, over, paper, project, published, rapidly, research, style, subtitle, text, than, these, things, throughout, time, tool, two, understand, use, using, was, Web, where, will, would
frequency 1: 2, 24, 30, 70, 212, 1800, 1900, 1917, 1956, 1988, 1980s, 1-gram, 1-grams, 20th, 2-gram, 3-gram, abstract, access, adventures, after, against, already, American, analysis, ancient, Andvord, any, apart, appendix, as, assumptions, author, available, background, being, better, between, big, bigger, both, burnt, called, capable, carefully ..................................... three, three-word, thus, titled, Trotsky, under, underlying, undertaken, unexpected, until, unusual, version, way, when, with, without, word, words, work, writing, xked, years, young
2-grams
Google Books 7, big data 4, long data 2, New York 2, false negatives 1, false positives 1, learning curve 1, quantitative analysis 1, Russian Revolution 1, statistical bias 1, Zipf's Law 1
3-grams
Library of Alexandria 1