霊長類行動学2. 生息環境、移動方法、食(Habitat, Locomotion, Diet)

霊長類行動学もくじ

Habitat(生息環境)

most are found in Tropics
- Tropics is geologically defined as a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator
- Some in subtropics (亜熱帯) and temperate zones (温帯：安定した気候で四季の変化に富み、多くの動物・植物が生息する)
- EXCEPT:
  1. Macaca sylranus (バーバリーマカク)
  2. Macaca mulatta (アカゲザル, インドからヒマラヤまで)
  3. Rhinopithecus roxellana (チベット)
  4. Semnopithecus (ハヌマンラングール)
  5. Macaca fuscata (ニホンザル)
  6. HUMAN
They live in
- jungle, forest
  - no primate use entire part of tree.
  - some stay on the top, some stay on the middle, some stay on the bottom..
- savanna
  - Open grassland
  - 草むらを歩き回るが、寝るときは木の上。
- Sulawesi
  - インドネシア中部にある島
- Madagascar (Limar lives)
  - マダガスカル
continent they do NOT live in
- Australia
- Europe except Gibraltar
- ジブラルタル◆スペインとモロッコの間の海峡。地中海への出入り口。スペイン・ジブラルタルは英国統治下の岬。
- Most place in Arabian

seasonality
- rainy season
  - determine productivity of forest.
  - it gets the most productive just after the rain.
    - leads fluctuation (変動) of food supply
    - impact on primate behaviors

Habitat also influences grouping
1. spacial distribution of food (in terms of trees)
2. continuous v. patchy (in terms of territory)
  - spread out or more spotted
3. predator defense
  - especially, big rats, raptors

locomotion (移動方法)

substrate (生息環境) determined by locomotion
1. Quadrupedal (四足歩行)
  1. terrestrial(陸上の): tend to have short fingers
    - e.g., Baboon
  2. arboreal(樹木の): habitually walk on a top of tree trunk
    - e.g., Macaque
2. Slow climber: tend to have short index fingers
  - e.g., loris
3. Suspensory (ぶらさがっている)
  - e.g., orangutan (オラウータン)
4. Leaper(跳躍する系): jump on trees, one branch to another
  - e.g., Colobus
5. vertical clinging and leaping
  - e.g., Galagoes
6. hanging underneith of branches by long arms. (Brachiation)
  - they have enormous range of reach
  - e.g., Hylobatidae (テナガザル)
7. knuckle-walking: こぶしで歩く理由は、長い腕がゆえに手を広げて歩こうとすると筋肉が突っ張るから。
  - e.g., Gorilla, Chimpanzee
8. Bipedal
  - e.g., Humans

Diet（食）

Frugivore (果食動物): eat fruit
Folivore (葉食動物): eat leaves
Insectivore (食虫動物)
Gumivore: tree sap
Granivore (穀食動物): seeds

main diet can be fit into triangle of fruits, leaves, and insects.
- no animals can live by only depending on one of them.

Needs for diet

Protein: amino-acid
- from beans, rice, etc
- regular cell contents
- insects
  - pro:
    - super abundant
    - tasty, do not contain secondary compound like plants
    - chitin coat
  - con:
    - small packages and need energy to catch (except ants that is too abundant)
      - Kay's threshold(だいたい500g/1lbs)よりも大きな動物は虫に加えフルーツをたべる必要がある
        
        metabolism is slower if you are big but absolute energy need is bigger. Eating bugs is a good way if the body is small
        
        500g以下のprimateは大抵noctornalのに限る
- fruits
  - poor source for protein (mainly for energy)
- leaves
  - good source
  - problem:
    - surrounded by a structural carbohydrate, consisting of cellulose, chitin, and keratin, that cannot be broken down
      - ケラチン（英: keratin）とは、細胞骨格を構成するタンパク質の一つ。
  - 2 ways to get protein from leaves
    1. Slice leaves to expose cell content
    2. ferment
      - foregut fermenters like cows
      - hindgut fermenters like horses
      - problem: takes too long time (gut passage time - correlated with size of body mass)
Energy: carbohydrate, fat, sugar, oils
- from regular cell contents
  - plants
    - mostly fiber and water in cell of plants, but still some
- insects
  1. super abundant
  2. tasty (do not contain secondary compound like plants)
  3. chitin coat
    - キチン質はキチンとキトサンの総称。節足動物の外皮、菌類の細胞壁の主成分。
  4. small packages
  5. harder to catch
- ripe fruit, from seeds, unripe fruit, etc
minerals and vitamins
- from dirt
water

Fruitやleavesを食べる者たちはsocial structureに団体行動、縄張りを与える